Written by
Danielle Pacheco
Medically Reviewed by
Dr. Abhinav Singh
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a sleep disorder in which the airway is partially or completely blocked multiple times during the night, interfering with breathing. As it causes repetitive disruptions in breathing and sleep, OSA has been linked to a higher risk of heart attacks, diabetes, and other serious conditions, as well as ongoing tiredness.
Experts estimate that 10% to 20% of people have moderate or severe OSA, defined as more than 15 or 30 lapses in breathing per hour of sleep, respectively. The number of people with OSA is increasing, but many people do not realize they have the disorder, because symptoms primarily appear during sleep. Some researchers estimate that moderate to severe OSA may go undiagnosed and untreated in 80% of people with the condition.
Identifying and treating OSA is important to reduce symptoms and the risk of developing related disorders. The best way to diagnose OSA is with an overnight sleep test, called polysomnography. However, a formal sleep study requires a night in a sleep lab, and may have costs associated with it. It may not be feasible to perform this test on everyone who might have OSA, and people may face wait times that can delay prompt diagnosis and treatment.
To identify people who may benefit from obstructive sleep apnea testing, researchers have developed a simple eight-question survey called the STOP-Bang Questionnaire.
The STOP-Bang Questionnaire is intended to give physicians an easy-to-use tool to identify people who might have obstructive sleep apnea. The questionnaire consists of eight yes-or-no questions based on the major risk factors for OSA. The name STOP-Bang is an acronym for the first letter of each symptom or physical attribute often associated with OSA:
When filling out the STOP-Bang questionnaire, a person receives one point for each symptom or risk factor, for a maximum of eight points. In general, the higher a person scores on the questionnaire, the greater risk they face of having moderate or severe OSA. Studies have also found that higher STOP-Bang scores are associated with more severe OSA.
A STOP-Bang score of 2 or less is considered low risk, and a score of 5 or more is high risk for having either moderate or severe OSA. For people who score 3 or 4, doctors may need to perform further assessment to determine how likely they are to have OSA.
Doctors often use the STOP-Bang Questionnaire when they suspect a patient they are seeing might be at risk of having OSA. The STOP-Bang test can help doctors decide which people to prioritize for polysomnography, the sleep study used to diagnose OSA. First developed to screen for OSA in people about to undergo elective surgery, the STOP-Bang Questionnaire has since been used for a wide variety of people and is considered an acceptable screening tool when used in sleep clinics or the general public.
Screening for OSA is important in a surgical context, because people with OSA have a higher risk of complications. For this reason, it is important that anesthesiologists and medical staff know if a person about to undergo surgery has undiagnosed OSA, so they can provide additional care. An estimated 70% of people who undergo weight loss surgery have OSA. The STOP-Bang Questionnaire can identify people who need extra attention during and after surgery, so staff minimize the risks posed by surgery, anesthetic agents, and medications prescribed after surgery.
STOP-Bang is an effective tool for assessing specific risk factors and ruling out OSA. Those who have more risk factors should be further evaluated.
Independent researchers have found the STOP-Bang Questionnaire useful as a screen for OSA in adults with Down syndrome, people with type 2 diabetes, pregnant people with obesity, and adults over 40. Findings from Brazilian and Swedish studies suggest that the questionnaire may be highly accurate for predicting OSA in people who receive specific scores, but less accurate for other scores.
In an analysis of over 100 research studies, researchers found that the STOP-Bang questionnaire could more accurately predict who has mild, moderate, and severe OSA than three other questionnaire tools. The test may have a high rate for false positives, however, leading to unnecessary healthcare costs if doctors send too many patients for sleep tests based on the STOP-Bang results. The accuracy of the test may vary depending on characteristics of the people taking it and whether they have any other conditions.
The STOP-Bang Questionnaire performs less well for certain groups of people, such as veterans and those with kidney failure. One of the items on the test, neck circumference, could turn out differently depending on how it is measured, which would also affect scores.
In the interest of keeping the test simple, each item is awarded an equal point, even though some of the risk factors are more significant than others. For example, a person with a high BMI or a thicker neck circumference is more likely to have OSA than someone who is merely older than 50 years. These details explain why the test is not perfect. However, the STOP-Bang test is a useful first step that may indicate whether it is worth conducting a more specific test.
Researchers have adapted details of the STOP-Bang, so it better screens different groups of people.
For example, a Brazilian study found that a simplified version with a different BMI cutoff point performed well for older adults. Researchers have pointed out that for women, the gender question automatically guarantees a lower score, so at-risk women may need to use a lower threshold when determining their OSA risk. Used together with several other measures, the STOP-Bang score can help predict a second heart-related event in a person who has been admitted to hospital for a heart attack.
Researchers have also experimented with giving more weight to certain questions on the test. For example, under one system, people who score a 3 or a 4 but whose test results reflect a yes for BMI, male gender, or a larger neck circumference would be classed as high-risk.
The STOP-Bang Questionnaire was developed for detection of OSA, and the overwhelming majority of studies have focused on its use for OSA. As opposed to OSA, lapses in breathing during central sleep apnea are due to problems in brain signaling instead of physical obstruction of the airway. Generally, STOP-Bang studies exclude central apneas, or cessations in breathing due to causes other than an obstructed airway, in their analyses. As a result, we do not know how well or if the STOP-Bang Questionnaire is a useful screening for central sleep apnea.
People with mixed sleep apnea have a combination of obstructive and central apneas. Mixed sleep apnea usually originates due to obstruction of the airway, so the STOP-Bang Questionnaire may be useful in identifying some cases of mixed sleep apnea. However, relying on the STOP-Bang may cause doctors to miss the sleep apnea cases that begin with central apneas. Until researchers formally study the STOP-Bang Questionnaire in people with mixed sleep apnea, we will not know if the test can reliably predict the presence of mixed sleep apnea.
The STOP-Bang Questionnaire is a simple and validated screening tool for OSA. Interpretation and further intervention after a positive score should involve a discussion with an experienced clinician.
Staff Writer
Danielle writes in-depth articles about sleep solutions and holds a psychology degree from the University of British Columbia.
Sleep Physician
MD
Dr. Singh is the Medical Director of the Indiana Sleep Center. His research and clinical practice focuses on the entire myriad of sleep disorders.
Staff Writer
Danielle writes in-depth articles about sleep solutions and holds a psychology degree from the University of British Columbia.
Sleep Physician
MD
Dr. Singh is the Medical Director of the Indiana Sleep Center. His research and clinical practice focuses on the entire myriad of sleep disorders.
