Eating Disorders and Sleep

Eating disorders affect over 30 million people Trusted Source Wiley Online Library Wiley Online Library is one of the largest and most authoritative collections of electronic journals published by Wiley, as well as a vast and growing collection of reference works and other books. See Full Reference in the United States and can cause significant physical and mental distress. Eating Disorder Awareness Week , an annual event held the last week of February, has been recognized for over 30 years as a way to raise awareness and provide hope and resources to people affected by eating disorders.

Sleep plays a vital role in both emotional and physical health, and a growing amount of evidence shows a connection between sleep and eating disorders. Although the exact nature of this link is unknown, most research points to a complex, multifaceted relationship.

Knowing about the ties between sleep and eating disorders can help people affected by these disorders better understand their condition. In some cases, enhancing sleep may provide an opportunity to feel better and even reduce eating disorder symptoms.

Improving sleep is just one of many avenues for people with eating disorders to get help. For direct assistance, the National Eating Disorders Association (NEDA) helpline provides phone and online chat services to connect people who have eating disorders and their loved ones with the information and support they need.

What Are Eating Disorders?

Eating disorders are mental health conditions that involve abnormal eating behavior Trusted Source Medline Plus MedlinePlus is an online health information resource for patients and their families and friends. See Full Reference . These behaviors are frequently associated with problematic thoughts or feelings about food, weight, and/or body image.

Millions of people in the United States are affected by eating disorders. Anyone can have an eating disorder, but they are most common in women Trusted Source National Library of Medicine, Biotech Information The National Center for Biotechnology Information advances science and health by providing access to biomedical and genomic information. See Full Reference and in teens and young adults Trusted Source National Library of Medicine, Biotech Information The National Center for Biotechnology Information advances science and health by providing access to biomedical and genomic information. See Full Reference .

There are many types of eating disorders. The most common eating disorders are binge eating disorder, bulimia nervosa, and anorexia nervosa. Night eating syndrome is the eating disorder that most directly affects sleep, although all eating disorders can interact with sleep.

Binge Eating Disorder

Binge eating disorder is the most common eating disorder Trusted Source National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) The NIMH is the lead federal agency for research on mental disorders. See Full Reference . It is estimated to affect around 2.8% of people Trusted Source National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) The NIMH is the lead federal agency for research on mental disorders. See Full Reference at some point during their life.

People with binge eating disorder experience out-of-control eating. Episodes often involve eating large amounts in a short time and continuing to eat despite feeling full. Binge eating can cause discomfort and feelings of shame and guilt. Binge eating disorder can occur in people of any size, but is most common in people who are overweight or obese Trusted Source National Library of Medicine, Biotech Information The National Center for Biotechnology Information advances science and health by providing access to biomedical and genomic information. See Full Reference .

Bulimia Nervosa

Like people with binge eating disorder, people with bulimia nervosa have episodes of out-of-control consumption of large amounts of food. Afterward, people with this disorder use purging behavior — vomiting, exercising excessively, using laxatives or water pills, or fasting — to try to counteract the binge eating.

Bulimia nervosa is believed to affect about 1% of people during the course of their life. It can cause serious health consequences resulting from consistent vomiting and other purging behaviors. Depending on their specific circumstances, people with bulimia nervosa can be somewhat underweight, average weight, or overweight.

Anorexia Nervosa

Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder that involves significant reduction of food consumption related to an extreme pursuit of being thin. Even when they are considerably underweight, people with anorexia commonly think of themselves as overweight.

There are two types of anorexia nervosa Trusted Source National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) The NIMH is the lead federal agency for research on mental disorders. See Full Reference . The restrictive type involves major restrictions on food intake. The binge-purge type also involves restricting intake but includes behaviors like vomiting or using laxatives to try to maximize weight loss.

Insufficient food consumption can lead to serious and life-threatening malnourishment. Among all mental health disorders, anorexia nervosa has the highest death rate. Studies estimate that around .6% of people experience anorexia nervosa at some point during their life.

Night Eating Syndrome

Night eating syndrome is a disorder that is believed to affect around 1.5% of people Trusted Source National Library of Medicine, Biotech Information The National Center for Biotechnology Information advances science and health by providing access to biomedical and genomic information. See Full Reference . People with this condition eat between 25-50% of their daily calories Trusted Source MSD Manuals First published in 1899 as a small reference book for physicians and pharmacists, the Manual grew in size and scope to become one of the most widely used comprehensive medical resources for professionals and consumers. See Full Reference after dinner. They are normally not hungry in the morning but feel a strong urge to eat at night.

Insomnia is a typical symptom Trusted Source National Library of Medicine, Biotech Information The National Center for Biotechnology Information advances science and health by providing access to biomedical and genomic information. See Full Reference among people with night eating syndrome. Waking up multiple times in the night is common, and eating may be seen as necessary to getting back to sleep.

Night eating syndrome is associated with obesity. It often causes emotional distress Trusted Source National Library of Medicine, Biotech Information The National Center for Biotechnology Information advances science and health by providing access to biomedical and genomic information. See Full Reference , such as shame or guilt, and its sleep interruptions can cause daytime drowsiness and impairment.

Night eating syndrome is believed to be connected to a misaligned circadian rhythm. Circadian rhythm is a person’s internal clock that helps control a broad range of bodily functions.

What Causes Eating Disorders?

The exact cause of eating disorders is unknown, but they are believed to be linked to a combination of genetic, environmental, social, and other factors.

It is important to emphasize that eating disorders are not a result of lifestyle choices. Instead, they are medical conditions with complicated biological underpinnings.

Some eating disorders appear to run in families, which suggests a possible genetic predisposition in certain cases. Social and cultural pressures, concerns about body image, and other emotional struggles may influence the risk of developing an eating disorder.

What’s the Relationship Between Sleep and Eating Disorders?

Many research studies have identified a significant overlap between sleeping problems and eating disorders. Not everyone with poor sleep has an eating disorder, and not all people with eating disorders have problems sleeping. Nevertheless, these issues arise together at a rate that strongly indicates an association between them.

Many experts believe that eating disorders and sleep have a bidirectional relationship Trusted Source National Library of Medicine, Biotech Information The National Center for Biotechnology Information advances science and health by providing access to biomedical and genomic information. See Full Reference . This means that eating disorders can negatively affect sleep and that sleep disruptions can contribute to the symptoms of eating disorders.

Some examples of this bidirectional relationship include:

• Analysis of over 500 college-aged women found that 25-30% of those with diagnosed eating disorders had insomnia symptoms Trusted Source National Library of Medicine, Biotech Information The National Center for Biotechnology Information advances science and health by providing access to biomedical and genomic information. See Full Reference compared to only 5% of those without eating disorders.
• Diagnosis of an eating disorder was predictive of sleeping problems Trusted Source National Library of Medicine, Biotech Information The National Center for Biotechnology Information advances science and health by providing access to biomedical and genomic information. See Full Reference over a long-term period of seven years in an observational study of over 12,000 young adults.
• Having sleeping problems along with an eating disorder has been tied to more severe eating disorder symptoms Trusted Source National Library of Medicine, Biotech Information The National Center for Biotechnology Information advances science and health by providing access to biomedical and genomic information. See Full Reference and a worse response to treatment.
• Purging behaviors have been linked to worsened sleep quality Trusted Source National Library of Medicine, Biotech Information The National Center for Biotechnology Information advances science and health by providing access to biomedical and genomic information. See Full Reference as well as symptoms of daytime impairment. The physical effects of these behaviors may create difficulties both in falling asleep and staying asleep.
• Multiple studies have observed poor sleep in people with anorexia nervosa Trusted Source National Library of Medicine, Biotech Information The National Center for Biotechnology Information advances science and health by providing access to biomedical and genomic information. See Full Reference including more sleep disruptions, lower sleep quality, and less time spent in restorative deep sleep and REM sleep stages.
• People with binge eating disorder Trusted Source National Center for Biotechnology Information The National Center for Biotechnology Information advances science and health by providing access to biomedical and genomic information. See Full Reference have been found to have higher rates of short sleep duration in observational research.
• A study of pregnant women found that those with binge eating disorder suffered significantly more sleeping problems Trusted Source National Library of Medicine, Biotech Information The National Center for Biotechnology Information advances science and health by providing access to biomedical and genomic information. See Full Reference during pregnancy.
• Night eating syndrome frequently occurs with insomnia. The condition is believed to be strongly linked to circadian rhythm disruptions that can influence sleep.

Although more studies are needed to expand the scientific understanding of the relationship between sleep and eating disorders, the existing body of research points to numerous connections that can be of importance to both patients and health care providers.

What Is the Cause of the Relationship Between Eating Disorders and Sleep?

There is still much that is unknown about sleep, eating disorders, and the connections between them. The mental and physical processes underlying sleep, nutrition, and mental health are extremely complex, which makes it challenging to definitively know what drives their relationship.

That said, researchers have advanced several ideas for how sleep and eating disorders may influence one another:

• Mental health disorders like depression and anxiety may contribute to the relationship Trusted Source National Library of Medicine, Biotech Information The National Center for Biotechnology Information advances science and health by providing access to biomedical and genomic information. See Full Reference between eating disorders and sleep. Between 42% and 80% of people with anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder also have a mood or anxiety disorder. These mental health conditions often affect sleep and vice versa.
• Food intake patterns and nutrient consumption may influence both sleep quality and daytime sleepiness. Malnutrition in anorexia nervosa impacts brain function, including the production of chemicals and hormones that control sleep and wakefulness.
• Sleep is directly involved in the normal production of hormones that regulate appetite and hunger. Disturbed sleep may throw off these hormone levels and alter eating behavior.
• Behaviors tied to eating disorders, such as purging or excessive exercise, may drive changes to sleep habits or hinder the ability to sleep normally.
• Disruptions of circadian rhythm can give rise to night eating syndrome and may also be connected to abnormal eating in other disorders.
• Medications prescribed to help treat eating disorders and related mental health conditions may have an effect on sleep quantity and quality.

Many of these factors could be involved in any individual’s case, and additional research is needed to clarify the central elements that drive the link between eating disorders and sleep.

Sleep Disorders That Affect Eating

In addition to eating disorders that are tied to sleep, there are some sleep disorders that affect eating.

Sleep-related eating disorder (SERD) is a condition in which a person rises from bed and eats during sleep. In these episodes, the person remains in a sleep-like state and is not aware of their behavior. As a result, they may consume rancid food or hazardous materials.

Like sleepwalking or sleep talking, SERD is a type of abnormal behavior sleep disorder known as a parasomnia. Although it may be confused with night eating syndrome, SERD is distinguished by the person’s lack of awareness when eating.

Other sleep disorders may also influence eating patterns. Disorders involving sleep deprivation may interfere with hormones Trusted Source Annals of Internal Medicine Annals of Internal Medicine’s mission is to promote excellence in medicine, enable physicians and other health care professionals to be well informed members of the medical community and society, advance standards in the conduct and reporting of medical research, and contribute to improving the health of people worldwide. See Full Reference that control appetite. Not getting the sleep you need can also influence brain function in ways that alter impulse control and food choice Trusted Source National Library of Medicine, Biotech Information The National Center for Biotechnology Information advances science and health by providing access to biomedical and genomic information. See Full Reference .

Getting Help With Sleep and Eating Disorders

There is hope for people with eating disorders. Various types of treatment can reduce or even eliminate symptoms, and steps to enhance sleep may boost the effectiveness of those treatments.

What Are the Treatments for Eating Disorders?

Treatment for eating disorders is usually coordinated by a doctor and/or psychiatrist. Treatment can be tailored to fit the patient’s situation and may involve one or more different approaches.

Counseling is frequently a core element of treatment. For example, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a method that helps examine and reorient negative thinking that can give rise to unwanted behavior. Other types of behavioral therapies can involve family members and establishing new routines that promote healthier eating habits.

Medications may also be prescribed that can help treat the symptoms of mental health disorders that often arise with eating disorders. Reducing depression and/or anxiety in this way can have positive effects on the severity of eating disorders.

People with eating disorders can also get support from family members, friends, and through organizations and support groups. For many patients, support can reduce the stigma associated with eating disorders and enable them to more effectively cope with or address the condition.

How Can People With Eating Disorders Improve Their Sleep?

Because sleep is fundamental to virtually all aspects of health Trusted Source National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) NINDS aims to seek fundamental knowledge about the brain and nervous system and to use that knowledge to reduce the burden of neurological disease. See Full Reference , it’s almost always beneficial to commit to getting better sleep. For people with eating disorders, improved sleep may offer even more benefits through a positive effect on their symptoms.

An initial step is to describe any sleeping difficulties to your doctor or psychiatrist. Some symptoms could be a sign of an underlying sleep disorder that can be directly addressed to enhance sleep.

Another step to obtaining better sleep is upgrading your sleep hygiene. This means building healthy sleep habits and designing your bedroom to be conducive to high-quality sleep. Although there are many ways to step up your sleep hygiene, some important elements include:

• Using the same bedtime and wake-up time every day, including on weekends
• Preparing for bed with the same routine each night
• Avoiding screen time for at least 30 minutes before bed and avoiding the urge to check your phone while in bed
• Outfitting your bedroom with a high-quality mattress and bedding that makes your bed inviting
• Taking steps to make sure that your sleep isn’t disrupted by light, noise, or an uncomfortable bedroom temperature.

For people with night eating syndrome, early-stage studies have shown potential benefits from light therapy Trusted Source National Library of Medicine, Biotech Information The National Center for Biotechnology Information advances science and health by providing access to biomedical and genomic information. See Full Reference , which uses a special lamp to mimic daylight and provide a dose of concentrated light in the morning.

The goal of light therapy is to positively affect circadian rhythm, which is closely linked to light exposure. Light therapy is also used to treat some mood disorders, such as seasonal affective disorder.

More research is needed to establish what role, if any, light therapy has in treating night eating syndrome. For this reason, anyone interested in this approach should talk with their doctor about the benefits and risks before beginning light therapy.